Evolution Of Knowledge And Natural Selection - 1586 Words

Since we were born we are continuing to evolve, to adapt to become more efficient and improve our relationship skills. Darwin in 1859 finished his book where the term Darwinism was first introduced, in his book he talked about the natural selection, genetics and molecular biology. His theory where relatively simplistic but they set a huge milestone for biology and evolutionary sciences. The main idea that natural selection is that the simple structure of life transform to more complex ones with new characteristic, but we a good amount of heritage from the past generation. But how good does this metaphor describe the evolution of knowledge? Firstly, we have to state the fundament difference between knowledge and natural selection. Knowledge is dependent from human control; it need an intention to be change. We need to have the right motivation and passion to evolve, we have full control over it. Whilst natural selection happens almost at random and the change and therefore the evoluti on in natural selection, are often not influenced by the choices of men. The process of natural selection, and the succession of the mutation are very slow, and occurs over hundreds of years. Intellectual evolution, instead is much quicker. When ideas are evolving, they are transformed from existing knowledge and prejudices of the community, through the invention and the discoveries of individuals thanks to technological advances as well as the basis of already existing knowledge; ideas becomeShow MoreRelatedTheory Of Evolution By Natural Selection896 Words   |  4 PagesSummary Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. According to history, Charles Darwin is the first scientist to frame the theory of evolution by natural selection. It was publish in his book title On the Origin of Species 1859†. Darwin express the theory of evolution by natural selection as a process by which species change over a period of time. This change take place because of the changes in genetic and behavioral traits. The ability of the organisms to change over time or adjust to fit environmentalRead MoreNaturalism And Evolution1098 Words   |  5 PagesPopularizing the claim that naturalism and evolution are mutual self-defeaters, Alvin Plantinga argues, in Evolutionary Argument Against Naturalism (1993), that given unguided evolution, our beliefs have no intrinsic relation to the truth. Drawing on previous arguments made by C.C Lewis and Arthur Balfour, Plantinga claims that if humans are the product of undirected processes, then we cannot reasonably rely on our cognitive faculties. In fact, it’s just â€Å"as likely, †¦ that we live in a sort of dreamRead MoreEvolution Can Be Scary, Important And Intimidating1618 Words   |  7 PagesConverse over Evolution BIO 4984-001, Dr. Liu Jacob Garver The topic of evolution can be scary, important and intimidating. This was definitely the case for me, as I interviewed my grandmother. When discussing who I intended on interviewing, I immediately thought of my grandma. I wanted to hear her thoughts on the subject as well as her misconceptions. By having a great pre-existing and open relationship, I knew I could count on her for an unbiased and â€Å"real† conversation. My 65 year old grandmaRead MoreThe Theory Of Natural Selection963 Words   |  4 Pages Life is evolution. Humans continuously try to keep up with the latest trends in an attempt to remain relevant in society. In the past ten years, humans have evolved immensely with the introduction, development, and integration of technology into their culture. Virtually everything can be found on the internet. Pictures and documents are being shared through cloud storage rather than being shared directly with a physical document, and doing homework online is now the norm. People have adapted toRead MoreThe Theory Of Science And Technology1454 Words   |  6 Pagesgeologist and naturalist, best known for his significant addition to the science of evolution. He had a theory that all species have inherited traits over time from common ancestors, and in a partnership with Alfred Russel Wallace introduced his scientific theory that this pattern of evolution resulted from an action that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the natural selection involved in selective breeding. Charles Darwin is important in the developmentRead MoreDr. Charles. Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1714 Words   |  7 Pageshis contributions to the theory of evolution. He stated that all species have descended over time from common ancestors. With his joint publication with Alfred Russell Wallace he introduced the process called natural selection. Darwin published his theory of evolution in 1859 with a book, On the Origin of Specie s; many people rejected his idea of natural selection and his theory of evolution. By the 1870’s the scientific community and the public now viewed evolution as a fact. Darwin’s theories andRead MoreEvolution vs. Creation Science1650 Words   |  7 Pagesdenying this truth, the world will not be able to develop. Evolution is verifiable in comparison to creation science because of the theories, evidence, and the increasing acceptance in today’s society. In order to discuss the irrefutable nature of evolution, one must be able to fully grasp the history of this groundbreaking knowledge. Evolution is often described as a change that has occurred over an extended period of time. The world evolution conjures several theories, â€Å"scientists generally describeRead MoreThe Scientific Theory Of Science And Technology1449 Words   |  6 Pagesgeologist and naturalist, best known for his significant addition to the science of evolution. He had a theory that all species have inherited traits over time from common ancestors, and in a partnership with Alfred Russel Wallace introduced his scientific theory that this pattern of evolution resulted from an action that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the natural selection involved in selective breeding. Charles Darwin is important in the developmentRead MoreThe Controversial Theory Of Evolution1312 Words   |  6 PagesThe controversial theory of evolution has been prevalent in the minds of scientists, religious leaders, and those who follow since Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace first made the ideas officially known in 1858. The theory they proposed was that the universe and all organisms within it is constantly changing and adapting to the world around them since the beginning of time. Since Darwin’s and Wallace’s theories were shared, there has been constant disagreement and debate between the scienceRead MoreEvolution Of Life On Earth1667 Words   |  7 Pagesformation 4.6 billion years ago. Life on earth began 3.5 billion years ago, evidence supporting this statement is that the earliest fossils were found from up to 3.5 billion years ago. The following steps are believed to be the major stages in the evolution of life on Earth: 1. The formation of organic molecules Complex organic molecules formed in water on the early Earth. 2. The formation of membranes A membrane developed to isolate and protect the system of large complex organic molecules which evolved

Business Analysis Business Analytics Essay - 1990 Words

Business Analytics is focused on the latest business intelligence tools, technology and trends for business executives who plan, build, and use business intelligence products and solutions. Today great business intelligence and analytic technologies are allowing big companies to go big, go fast, go deep, go cheap and go mobile with business data. Business Analytics is used to analyze large amounts of data by applying statistical tools and techniques in order to generate business insights. The key to this ability is this company’s closed loop of testing, learning, and acting on new opportunities. In this company, Analytics has become such a focus that all analytical people were recently combined into one organizational unit. Thus the extensive use of analytical and business performance has transformed their ability to compete on analytics into a key point of differentiation and lasting competitive advantage. This company had to come up with viability of potential customers in the market, product research, and marketing campaigns and lead generation. All the activities expected of Siemens Healthcare company were attained through the help of analytics. Analysis I had interned in other companies in the past, but none the companies had an elaborate analytical driven marketing campaigns that were result oriented. The very concept of market analytics was new to me. The process enabled the project managers to evaluate the success of the marketing implementation through theShow MoreRelatedBusiness Analysis : Business Analytics Essay944 Words   |  4 PagesBusiness Analytics Business Analytics, is a system that use various techniques and processes to gather information to used be used to make business decisions. The data is used to answer a question. Often this is used in marketing. It helps to take away some of the â€Å"guess work† out of who market will target. 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Change can happen in both your target market and in the industry your business or company belongs to, and for your business to survive and succeed despite these changes, proper business analysis must be conducted at the right time. In such a cutthroat business environment, business analysis is essential in order to maintain competitivenessRead MoreSample Resume : Business Information1244 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity. With the use of business information resources, the information revolution is here - It creates a competitive advantage by providing companies with new ways to outperform their competitors. Knowledge is power and business information companies provide that. The process of involving in t he consolidation, analysis and communication of business information to assist the business decision makings captivates me. Globalization is one of the toughest challenges faced by the business today. The problems

Confidentiality - Nursing Law free essay sample

Nurses must keep confident any information about patient from other parties(Mills 2002) Confidential information is defined as any private information understood not to be shared with a 3rd party(DM 2012) Confidential relationship builds trust, protects patient privacy and patient autonomy. ****Can bring in autonomy and beneficence here if appropriate Core element to all human relationships-basic to build trust, promise or bond, respect for autonomy/privacy, patient recognises own right to privacy. Importance to nursing: Patient more honest and open. Leads to better diagnosis and higher quality of care. Pt more likely to seek helpbetter contact with health services(especially in mental health) Therefore outcomes generally better in a respected confidential relationship. ****Doesn’t fit directly into any section within revision sheet on confidentiality but good to know. Professional and Legal Accountability in Confidentiality: Originally evident in Hippocratic Oath which stated that it was shameful to breach confidentiality. Florence Nightingale said every nurse should be capable of being a confidential nurse, no gossip or vain talker and should only answer to those who have a right to ask. We will write a custom essay sample on Confidentiality Nursing Law or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page IRISH Medical Council agree to above. Also that patients have a presumed right to confidentiality More contemporary codes(such as ABA) also acknowledge principle of confidentiality. Could also bring in here about importance of confidentiality as learning outcome for placement Legislation: Confidentiality protected by law in both court decisions and appeals. Irish courts recognise right to privacy and confidentiality. Irish Constitution-not guaranteed by constitution but acknowledges that privacy is a fundamental right to human life due to Christian and democratic nature of state,ensures dignity and freedom of individual. European Convction on Human Rights-everyone has right to respect for private and family life,his home and his correspondence. B)Qualifying principle of confidentiality Above legislation also stipulates that rights to privacy are excused in the interests of national security,public safety or economic wellbeing of a country. Also prevention of crime,protection of health and protection of others. Even though confidentiality principle holds an honoured place in professional codes and laws serious extenuating circumstances occasionally call for principle to be qualified in some way. Nurses must examine codes and laws,decide course of action to best fulfil obligation as carer professional and citizen(DM 2012) Disclosure with permission: Least controversial where info shared with mdt. This information is still confidential so care needs to be taken. ABA-Info regarding patient health,treatment and history is still private and confidential. Accepted that patient care is communicated but nurses must still exercise professional judgement and responsibility(ABA 2000) Disclosure without permission: More contentious and troubling 4 circumstances-law,interests of patient,in public interest and interest of other individuals. 1. Law Criminal investigations Legal actions-testify in court Infectious Diseases Regulations-obligation to notify public health authorities. 2. Protect Patient Patient with capacity-nurse and patient agree on best interest to disclose info may be in insurance purpose or legal actions where insanity is the defence. Where there is disagreement the nurse is torn between protecting patient from harm and maintaining trust. Evident in cases of neglect or abuse where patient is dependent on this trust. Not considered by Irish courts Patient lacking capacity-Share info with relatives in patients best interests. Pt may be made ward of court-one committee member who makes decision. Can only make minor decision regarding care. Serious decisions made by high court. Where there is evidence that patient did not want to have info shared this must be respected(British Medical Association) Irish Medical Council-Best interests of patient Freedom of Info Act-Info made available if request made my parent or guardian of someone up to age of 18 or is a person with mental incapacity where it is in the best interests of patient. 3. Protect Society Similar to autonomy in that others have the right to live autonomously and safely. Pt confidentiality limited by the legitimate interests of others. This outweighs when non-disclosure threatens the wellbeing of others. Examples-nurse who finds out bus driver has epilepsy or patient with murderous intentions. 4. Protect interest of other individuals ****Tarasoff case NB here Particularly important where the individual is identifiable. Court imposed limited duty to warn a presumed intended victim of a patients aggression(on psychotherapist) Facts of case: Poddar attending outpatient psychotherapy services Admitted violent fantasies regarding Tatiana Tarasoff Psychotherapist found out from another student that Poddar had purchased gun Tried to have Poddar admitted to hospital but this was unsuccessful Poddar then shot Tatiana Tarasoff Parents sued Regents of University of California Defendants claimed could not warn her as this would breach confidentiality Case dismissed but appealed several times Outcome-Once a therapist determines a serious threat to an identifiable person he bears duty to exercise reasonable care to protect Warn victim or tell someone who will Notify police Initiate steps reasonably necessary under circumstances to protect Interpretation by Irish Medical Council Disclosure must be justifiable Protection from death or serious harm Get consent if possible Think if patient kept anonymous will it give same result? Disclose info to appropriate person or body that understands it must be then kept confidential Minimal info Once disclosed inform patient of this C)Duty to warn Law and Professional Regulations clearly stipulate that there is duty to warn those at risk but uncertain whom,when,how,why and what. Who? -person must be identifiable. Risk must be serious danger. IMC state must be to appropriate person who understand info is confidential. When? Why? How? -Urgent circumstances to prevent injury or other damage(Data Protection Action 1988). Seriosu risk of death or serious harm(IMC) What? -Minimalist principle which is only tell a relevant 3rd party the minimum infor that is necessary to achieve end of disclosure(DM 2012) Keep anonymity if still achieves goal(IMC) Breach of confidentiality not done lightly. Serious care and consideration first. ****Question looked at duty to warn vs duty to protect patient confidentiality. Give reason for your answer. There are 2 examples in Dooley and McCarthy Book. If you want to say duty warn more important use the â€Å"Married with HIV† example. Talk about the minimalist principle. Tell necessary info. Mrs. Murphy is in more immediate danger than her husband. Nurse has duty to protect Mrs. Murphy even though she is not her patient. If you want to to say duty of confidentiality more important use â€Å"Living in fear with HIV† example. Congo woman called Chi Chi. She is more immediate danger of death and so are her children more than husbands danger from HIV. Cultural differences between Irish nurse and Chi Chi. Read both cases and decide which more compelling.

The limitations in Diagnosing Colorectal Cancer Essay Example

The limitations in Diagnosing Colorectal Cancer Essay Colon malignant neoplastic disease is the 2nd prima cause of malignant neoplastic disease decease. Most of the instances are sporadic but several familial familial syndromes account for around 5 % of all colorectal malignant neoplastic diseases ( CRC ) . The most common of these syndromes are familial adenomatous polyposis ( FAP ) and familial non-polyposis colon malignant neoplastic disease ( HNPCC ) which is besides known as Lynch syndrome. These make up 3 % of the familial syndromes. Other syndromes include Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and Juvenile polyposis syndrome. This essay will concentrate on the most common familial CRC s. The cistrons that are involved in FAP and HNPCC have been identified. Therefore familial testing can be offered to test for bearer position in these syndromes. Designation of persons who have a sensitivity to CRC is of import to be able to offer them adequate testing to observe tumors at an early phase. FAP FAP is dominantly inherited and is extremely acute demoing a perpendicular transmittal through a household lineage. Its classical phenotype involves the growing of 100s of adenomatous polyps along the colonic mucous membrane. If the polyps are non removed there is near a 100 % opportunity of colon malignant neoplastic disease. The mean age of polyp development and colon malignance is 16 and 39 old ages severally. FAP is found in ~1 per 7-10,000 births in the United States population and histories for less than 1 % of all CRC ( Davidson, 2007 ) . FAP is a monogenetic disease and is caused by the mutant or omission of the adenomatous polyposis coli ( APC ) cistron which is found on chromosome 5. 95 % of APC mutants that lead to FAP is either bunk ( 28 % ) or truncating frameshift ( 67 % ) ( Burt and Neklason, 2005 ) . The staying 5 % is caused by big omissions or rearrangements. The APC cistron is a tumour-suppressor cistron and the APC protein is portion of the Wnt-signalling tract, involved in cell growing control ( Burt and Neklason, 2005 ) . Mutants in the APC cistron hence cause activation of the Wnt-signalling tract and uncontrolled cell growing. There is another discrepancy of FAP known as Attenuated signifier of FAP ( AFAP ) , it has a ulterior age on oncoming ( gt ; 40 ) , less adenomatous polyps ( A ; lt ; 50 ) and a lower hazard of CRC. Some of these patients will hold a mutant in the extreme of the 3 or 5 terminal of the APC cistron compared to those who have extreme polyposis where mutants tend to be in the mid-portion of exon 15. It is of import to be able to separate between the types of FAP to cognize where to test for mutants and how to handle the status. It is besides of import to see a patient s nationality when they present to clinic. This can find their heritage hazard and aid to turn up the mutant. For illustration Ashkanazi Jews have a high prevalence of the I1307K mutant ensuing in a life-time hazard of CRC between 10-20 % . We will write a custom essay sample on The limitations in Diagnosing Colorectal Cancer specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The limitations in Diagnosing Colorectal Cancer specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The limitations in Diagnosing Colorectal Cancer specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Diagnosis Familial testing is of import in households who are at hazard of FAP due the dominant and high penetrance phenotype. As there is a classical phenotype, FAP is easier to name in clinic. In FAP about all mutants consist of shortnesss of the APC protein. This occurs by point mutants, doing either a frameshift by an interpolation or omission, or a nonsensical codon. Familial Testing for FAP is done by bespeaking the presence of a disease doing mutant by a Protein Truncation Test ( PTT ) . Then the location of the mutant on the APC cistron is found by Conformation-Specific Gel Electrophoresis ( CSGE ) , Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism ( SSCP ) or Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ( DGGE ) . Once the location of the mutant is localised the APC cistron is sequenced to place the disease-causing mutant. For those big omissions and rearrangements, Southern Blotting, Array CGH and MLPA can be used for designation. If all of these methods fail to place the mutant, linkage proving to the APC cistron can be done. As it has become cheaper to sequence the APC cistron late many clinics skip the procedure of turn uping the country of mutant and sequence the whole cistron. Deductions The APC cistron is big and the mutants spread along it. This can do it hard to turn up the mutant. As many households have alone mutants it may be hard to make up ones mind if the mutant found is really infective. In fact in patients showing with phenotypical classical FAP, known infective mutants are merely found in 85 % of them. The remainder, although they may hold alterations in the APC cistron it is unknown what these alterations mean. As this information is uninformative it is non possible to give patients a hazard of acquiring CRC or to test their households to be able to except those who are non at hazard. All of the molecular trials used for FAP have their advantages and disadvantages. PTT fails to observe shortnesss that occur at the very terminal or beginning of a cistron and big mutants. Additionally it can non observe missense mutants. However, if it does happen a mutant it is ever disease doing. CSGE does observe more than 90 % of mutants present. SSCP detect s between 60 % -95 % of mutants and DGGE can observe up to 90 % of sequence alterations. Array CGH will lose little omissions and MLPA can non observe balanced translocations and is sensitive to drosss. Therefore some mutants are being missed. Linkage analysis can be between 90 % -95 % effectual in households that have multiple members affected by the disease. The consequences of linkage give symptomless household members the hazard they have of transporting the mutant. However, if these hazards are non below 5 % or above 95 % they are non really utile in clinic. Furthermore non all households will hold multiple affected members to be able to transport out linkage. Additionally decreased protein look may give rise to disease but causative mutants can be really hard to happen because they may be in regulative countries ( Burt and Neklason, 2005 ) . If a patient presented to clinic with FAP phenotype but when tested no mutant could be found on the APC cistron it is deserving proving the MYH cistron for mutants. The phenotype of MYH-associated polyposis ( MAP ) is similar but less terrible than FAP and it is inherited recessively. It is of import to separate between these different types so that the mutants can be identified so other members of the household can be screened. It is besides of import to handle the patient accurately. 25 % of instances of FAP arise as self-generated APC mutants ( Davidson, 2007 ) . Merely kids of these patients would be at hazard of being a bearer of the mutant. However as these patients will hold no household history an inexperient clinician may non recognize the status as being FAP. HNPCC Persons with HNPCC have an increased hazard of developing CRC. It is the most common signifier of familial CRC accounting for between 3-5 % of all instances ( Davidson, 2007 ) . It is an autosomal dominant status and people who inherit the status have early oncoming of colon malignant neoplastic disease ( A ; lt ; 40years ) . Tumours develop chiefly in proximal colon and a individual affected often has household history of colon malignant neoplastic disease or other associated malignant neoplastic diseases such as endometrial, ovarian, encephalon, little intestinal, pancreatic and urinary piece of land ( Davidson, 2007 ) . However there is no typical signifier of phenotype for HNPCC. It is of import though, due to the higher life-time hazard of developing these malignant neoplastic diseases, to name households affected, so that preventive showing can be offered. Diagnosis The first measure to name HNPCC is when a patient nowadayss in clinic. A standard known as the Amsterdam standards was devised over 15 old ages ago which must be met for an person to be clinically diagnosed. This method has been criticised as being excessively stiff. There are now adopted versions of this standard, such as the Modified Amsterdam and Modified Bethesda. These other standards are more inclusive but less specific for HNPPC. When a household is identified as potentially holding HNPCC, they are eligible for diagnostic showing. HNPCC causes a higher hazard of CRC due to a germline mutant of a mismatch fix ( MMR ) cistron. The cell is so unable to treat DNA fix. Mutation bearers exhibit a characteristic phenotype termed microsatellite instability, characterised by enlargement or contraction of short repetition sequences of Deoxyribonucleic acid at multiple venue ( Syngal et al, 1999 ) . Pathogenic mutants have been found at four mismatch fix cistrons ( MSH2, MHL1, PMS2 and MSH6 ) , but so far most HNPCC instances are caused by mutants in either MLH1 or MSH2 ( Muller et al. , 2004 ) . High microsatellite instability is a signal that the MMR cistron is lacking. A tumor is considered MSI high or unstable if more than 40 % of the venue show instability ( Burt and Neklason, 2005 ) . If an MMR-high reading is found, a farther diagnostic trial, Immunohistochemical staining can be used to place which cistron is most likely to be mutated. This looks for the MMR proteins MSH2, MLH1 and MSH6 in the tumour tissue. In 50 % -70 % of instances, mutants in mismatch fix cistrons can be found by DNA sequencing and the larger omissions and rearrangements which tend to be common in HNPCC can be found by Southern Blotting. Southern Blotting will happen the mutant in a farther 10 % -20 % of people, where sequencing could non. Deductions In clinic a diagnosing is dependent on a patient s household history. If the household history fits the Amsterdam or any of the modified standards so they can be identified as potentially holding HNPPC. However this method of naming has possible defects. A elaborate household history may non be given by the patient as they may non be in contact with other household members or they may go forth out information that they do non believe is critical, such as endometrial malignant neoplastic disease. The sensitiveness of the Amsterdam standards is between 54 % -91 % and the specificity is between 62 % -84 % . This means that a significant figure of HNPCC households could be excluded from proving and testing. The sensitiveness of MSI trials are 62 % . Therefore excess cautiousness should be used when construing consequences, particularly negative consequences. In 15 % of sporadic instances of CRC, MSI can be detected. This occurs due to methylation of the 5CpG island in the boos ter part ( Muller et al. , 2004 ) . The consequence of this trial may take you to believe that the proband has HNPPC and therefore them and their households would be at higher hazard of developing CRC. However this is non caused by a heritable mutant in the germline. In add-on this phenomenon exposes a corresponding restriction in the usage of IHC because MLH1 protein look is lost in tumor every bit good ( Lynch et al. , 2007 ) Additionally, dependable consequences for MSI can merely be obtained if adequate cells are right amplified to look at the microsatellite venue. These trials do non pick up all instances of HNPCC as approximately 10 % of IHC trials will be falsely negative, i.e. protein discoloration is present even though the related cistron is mutationally inactivated ( Burt and Neklason, 2005 ) . This could take to the bar of early sensing. Diagnostic intervention can besides give false positive consequences ; this can take to people having testing that do non necessitat e it and this may take to unneeded psychological emphasis. MSI and IHC trials complement each other and therefore both should ever be taken into history. When the cistron is identified that is likely to be mutated, sequence analysis or Southern Blotting can be performed to place the mutant. However this consequence is non ever informative for households as it can be hard to clearly specify a infective mutant. This means that it is non possible to test other household members for a known mutant. Besides in up to 10 % of people a mutant may non be found. Finally when taking an index instance to look for the mutant, the youngest affected individual should be chose. The older a patient is the more likely their malignant neoplastic disease is sporadic. However in a household the youngest affected individual may non hold to be tested. This leaves it harder to accomplish the consequences wanted. Decision The most hard portion of proving for CRC is cognizing who to prove. In FAP there is a clear phenotype but there are discrepancies such as AFAP and MAP. These besides benefit from proving. HNCPP has no clear phenotype and is much harder to estimate who would profit from proving. There are standards set in topographic point to assist this procedure but as mentioned some people are over looked. For both conditions no individual trial is sufficient to place the mutant. Some mutants may non even be identified and therefore it is of import that a adviser non merely measure the patient on their trial consequences but besides on their clinical diagnosing. Trial consequences are non required for disease direction but are helpful for placing other household members who are at hazard. Mentions Burt, R. A ; Neklason, D. , W. ( 2005 ) . Familial Testing for Inherited Colon Cancer.Gastroenterology128: 1696-1716 Davidson, N. , O. ( 2007 ) . Familial testing in colorectal malignant neoplastic disease: who, when, how and why.Keio Journal of Medicine56 ( 1 ) : 14-20 Lynch, P. , M. ( 2007 ) . New Issues in Genetic Counseling of Hereditary Colon Cancer. Clinical Cancer Research 13: 6857s-6861s Muller, A. , Giuffre, G. , Edmonston, T. , B. , Heinmoller, E. , Brodegger, T. , Tuccari, G. , Mangold, E. , Buettner, R. , A ; Ruschoff, J. ( 2004 ) . Challenges and Pitfalls in HNPCC Screening by Microsatellite Analysis and Immunohistochemistry.Journal of Molecular Nosologies6 ( 4 ) : 308-315 Syngal, S. , Fox, E. , A. , Li, C. , Dovidio, M. , Eng, C. , Kolondner, R. , D. , A ; Garber, J. , E. ( 1999 ) . Interpretation of Familial Test Results for Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer: Deductions for Clinical Predisposition Testing.Journel of the American Medical Association282 ( 3 ) : 247-253 Bibliography Boultwood, J. A ; Fidler, C. ( 2002 ) .Molecular Analysis of Cancer, Humana Press, New Jersey. Chen, S. , Watson, P. A ; Parmigiani, G. ( 2005 ) . Accuracy of MSI Testing in Predicting Germline mutants of MSH2 and MLH1: a instance survey in Bayesian meta-analysis of diagnostic trials without a god criterion.Biometricss6 ( 3 ) : 450-464 Kerr, D. , J. , Young, A. , M. A ; Hobbs, F. , D. , R. ( 2002 ) .ABC of Colorectal Cancer, BMJ, London. Taylor, I. , Garcia-Aguilar, J. A ; Goldberg, S. , M. ( 2002 ) .Colorectal Cancer 2nd edition, Health Press, London Tomlinson, I. , Ilyas, M. A ; Novelli, M. ( 1997 ) .Molecular Geneticss of Colon Cancer. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews 16: 67-69 Walther, A. , Johnstone, E. , Swanton, C. , Midgley, R. , Tomlison, I. and Kerr, D. ( 2009 ) . Familial Prognostic and Predictive Markers in Colorectal Cancer.Nature Reviews 9: 489-499